Abstract Objective: To describe insulin use and postoperative glucose control in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Methods: We examined 2,390 patients with and without diabetes enrolled in the Contemporary Analysis of Perioperative Cardiovascular Surgical Care (CAPS-Care) Study who underwent CABG surgery (01/2004 - 06/2005) to describe postoperative insulin use, variation in insulin use across different hospitals, and associated in-hospital complications and clinical outcomes. Logistic regression was used to assess the adjusted relationship between insulin use and clinical outcomes. Results: Overall, insulin was used in 82% (n=1,959) of patients, including 95% (n=1,203) with diabetes (n=1,258) and 67% (n=756) without diabetes (n=1,132). Continuous insulin was used in 35.5% of patients in the operating room and in 56% in the intensive care unit. Continuous insulin use varied significantly among centers from 8-100% in patients with diabetes. When compared with all patients not receiving insulin, insulin use in patients without diabetes was associated with a higher rate of death or major complication (adjusted odds ratio [OR]=1.54; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.15-2.04; P=0.003). In patients with diabetes, insulin use was not associated with a higher risk of adverse outcomes (adjusted OR=1.01; 95% CI 0.52-1.98; P=0.98). Conclusion: The postoperative use of insulin is high among CABG patients in the United States of America. Insulin use in patients without diabetes was associated with worse clinical outcomes compared to patients (both with and without diabetes) who did not receive insulin. Further investigation is needed to determine the optimal use of postoperative insulin after CABG.

OBJETIVO: Comparar resultados da correção de Fibrilação Atrial (FA) Crônica em Doença Mitral Reumática (R) ou Degenerativa (D) a curto e médio prazos. CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODOS: De 1994 a 1997, 57 pacientes foram submetidos à Cirurgia do Labirinto e correção mitral. Oito (20%) reumáticos eram do sexo masculino; 32 (80%) feminino. Dos degenerativos 8 (47%) eram do sexo masculino; 9 (53%) femininos, (NS). Idade 47 ± 11 anos R; 54 ± 17 D (p < 0,05). Diâmetro do AE: 6,1 ± 1,1 cm R e 5,9 ± 1,2 D, (NS). RESULTADOS: Óbitos: 1 (2,5%) imediato em R; 2 (12%) hospitalares e 1 (7%) tardio em D (NS). Implante de marcapasso (MP) em 4 (10%) R e 2 (17%) D (NS). Tempos de isquemia: 63 ± 16 min R; 63 ± 15 min D, (NS). Circulação extracorpórea: 92 ± 19 min R e 96 ± 23 min D, (NS). Na alta hospitalar: 3 (10%) R e nenhum D recebiam medicação antiarrítmica, (NS); 9 (23%) R e 3 (20%) D recebiam anticoagulantes (NS). Conversão a ritmo sinusal (RS) em 31 (80%) do grupo R e em 12 (80%) do D, (NS). Ritmo de MP em 4 (10%) R, NS. FA incidiu em 4 (10%) R e em 2 (13%) D, (NS). Ritmo juncional em 1 (7%) D, (NS). Na última avaliação: RS em 27 (71%) R e 9 (75%) D (NS). Ritmo de MP em 4 (10%) R e 2 (17%) D, (NS). FA em 6 (16%) R e nenhum D, (NS). Taquicardia atrial paroxística em 1 (3%) R e 1 (8%) do grupo D, (NS). À ergometria, realizada em média de 16,2 ± 11,1 meses PO por 24 (60%) pacientes R e a 16,4 ± 10,0 meses PO para 10 (59%) degenerativos, 6 (25%) R e 1 (10%) D apresentaram RC adequada (NS). Em 3 (12,5%) R e 6 (60%) D foi considerada intermediária (p = 0,009). RC inadequada foi detectada em 15 (62,5%) pacientes R e 3 (30%) D- (p = 0,09). CONCLUSÃO: A etiologia R ou D não afeta a morbimortalidade e os benefícios aos pacientes com valvopatia mitral submetidos à Cirurgia do Labirinto e correção valvar. A recuperação do RS e a presença de arritmias no PO foi semelhante nos grupos. A resposta cronotrópica ao exercício tende a ser menor no grupo degenerativo.

The results of maze procedure in rheumatic mitral valve disease are subject to debate. This paper reports medium term results in rheumatic and degenerative mitral valve surgery associated with maze procedure. From 1994 to 1997, 57 patients were operated on. They were divided into two Groups; R (rheumatic) 40 patients and D (degenerative) 17. Group R included 8 (20%) males and 32 (80%) females. Group D: 8 (47%) males and 9 (53%) females (NS). Age in R = 47 ± 11 and D 54 ± 17 years (p < 0.05). Left atrial size was 6.1 ± 1.1 cm in R and 5.9 ± 1.2 in D (NS). There were 3 hospital deaths, 1 (2.5%) in R and 2 (12%) in D. One D patient (7%) died late. Pacemakers were implanted in 4 (10%) R and 2 (17%) in D (NS). There were no significant differences regarding surgical duration of perfusion or myocardial ischemia, antiarrhythmic medications, immediate or late cardiac rythms and occurrence of arrythmias. Ergometric evaluation for measuring chronotropic response revealed a normal response in 6 (25%) R and 1 (10%) in D at a mean of 16.6 months PO. In the lower response group, 3 (12.5%) R and 6 (60%) D had intermediate values (p = 0.009) and 15 (62.5%) R versus 3 (30%) D had values below 75% of expected heart rate (p = 0.09). Rheumatic or degenerative ethiology of mitral valve disease does not influence the results of maze procedure in this patient population. Mean chronotropic response to exercise tends to be lower in degenerative patients.

PURPOSE: To assess the presence and the prevalence of arrhythmias and the variability of the heart rate in the medium-term postoperative period following the maze procedure for chronic atrial fibrillation (AF). METHODS: Seventeen patients with a mean age of 51.7±12.9 years, who previously underwent the maze procedure without cryoablation for chronic atrial fibrillation, were evaluated with the 24 hour electrocardiogram (ECG) - Holter monitoring from the 6th month after the operation. Valvular and coronary procedures were concomitantly performed. RESULTS: The mean heart rate during Holter monitoring was 82±8bpm; the maximal heart rate was 126 ± 23bpm and the minimal heart rate 57±7bpm. Sinus rhythm was found in 10 (59%) patients and atrial rhythm was found in 7 (41%). Supraventricular extrasystoles had a rate of 2.3±5.5% of the total number of heartbeats and occurred in 16 (94%) patients. Six (35%) patients showed nonsustained atrial tachycardia. Ventricular extrasystoles, with a rate of 0.8±0.5% of the total heartbeats, occurred in 14 (82%) patients. The chronotropic competence was normal in 9 (53%) patients and attenuated in 8 (47%). The atrioventricular conduction (AV) was unchanged in 13 (76%) patients and there were 4 (24%) cases of first degree atrioventricular block (AVB). CONCLUSION: After the maze procedure, the values for the mean heart rate, AV conduction and chronotropic competence approach the normal range, although some cases show attenuation of the chronotropic response, first degree AV block or benign arrhythmias.